Prior EPIRA, the Philippine power industry was a vertically integrated, state-owned monopoly dominated by the National Power Corporation (NPC). The law restructured the industry into generation, transmission, distribution, and supply sectors, while allowing different private participation for division of the industry. EPIRA also permits socialized discounts, such as for low-income households and senior citizens, with the cost recoverable through charges shared by other consumers, subject to regulation.

Overemployment is the practice of holding two or more jobs—whether full-time, part-time, or a combination of both. A key principle of overemployment is being stress-free despite the quantity of employment 

Emma and Charles are 25 years old and have been engaged for a year after dating for 3 years. A week before their wedding, Emma confessed about the worst thing she's done. At 18 years old, she fully planned a mass shooting and even prepared the equipment she wanted to use. However, she didn't push through because she suddenly felt guilty. Charles is a local police officer who's known by the community as just and fair.

Pre-traumatized dating refers to people entering relationships already accounting and careful of harm (e.g., cheating, abandonment, manipulation)

Utility refers to emphasizing women empowerment because it creates practical benefits such as economic growth, stronger institutions, poverty reduction, and overall social progress.

Morality refers to emphasizing women empowerment because it is inherently right, based on equality, dignity, justice, and freedom regardless of outcomes.

A direct benefit transfer is an unconditional cash transfer from the government to the bank accounts of farmers. Farm subsidies refer to financial aid tied to the purchase of specific inputs for farmers (e.g., a fertilizer subsidy, which you can only use to buy fertilizer, or free electricity to farmers). These are often conditional.

Treaties include the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Oslo Accords, and other international law that strongly restricts annexation of occupied territory. It also established ceasefire lines and interim governance arrangements between Israelis and Palestinians to prevent acquiring territory by force.

Riparian states are political entities that share a common border along a river, lake, or other water body, making them co-stewards of the shared water resource.

For the purpose of this debate, decentralization of fame is when micro and niche influencers, not just the celebrities or elites, also get traction and are getting recognized by companies.

"Special Economic Zones (SEZ) are designated areas that are highly developed to boost government economy and foreign investors. Registered business enterprises in SEZs are value-added tax exempt and usually enjoy tax holidays for years.

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"I'm just a girl" narrative includes narratives such as “girl math” and “girl dinner” that aims to label certain attitudes as being "a girl thing"

In Singapore, students are assigned to schools based on multiple factors like distance from home, family ties, exam scores, available slots, and academic results. Early childhood schools are not included in this system and are rather chosen and applied directly by the parents.

The PAP Community Foundation is founded by the People's Action Party where they fund early childhood education and childcare for middle- and lower-income families. The People's Action Party is a majorly conservative group that has ruled Singapore since 1959.

 In Philippine law, adultery is committed when a married woman engages in sexual intercourse with another man who is not her husband. On the other hand, concubinage requires stricter requisites and is committed by a married man who either (1) engages in sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances with another woman, (2) keeps the mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or (3) by cohabiting with her in any other place.

Scandalous circumstances in concubinage means an affair is conducted openly or flagrantly, offending community morals and public decency, rather than just private sexual intercourse.

According to legal positivism, a rule's legal validity is determined by whether it was adopted through recognized methods rather than whether it is morally correct. Validity comes from the law’s source and the process that created it, not from its ethical content.

Laguna de Bay is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines and supports thousands of fisherfolk. In recent decades, large-scale fish pen operations—enclosed areas used for commercial aquaculture—have expanded across the lake, often controlled by private companies or wealthy operators.

Race science is the pseudoscientific approach to use biology or genetics to classify human races and assign them inherent physical, intellectual, or moral traits.

Epidemic of gambling refers to the widespread increase in gambling behavior

Pagpapakumbaba or humility is a core Filipino value expressed through modest behavior, respect for others, and the conscious lowering of oneself to maintain social harmony.